HIV & AIDS - signs, symptoms, transmission, causes & pathology

فيروس HIV أو نقص المناعة البشرية، هو الفيروس الذي يستهدف خلايا الجهاز المناعي,مع مرور الوقت، يبدأ الجهاز المناعي بالفشل وهو ما يسمى نقص المناعة، وهذا,يزيد من خطر العدوى والأورام التي يمكن للنظام المناعي الصحي عادة,تكون قادرة على صدها. هذه المضاعفات يشار إليها بالإيدز أو متلازمة نقص المناعة المكتسب,هناك نوعين متميزين من فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية HIV-1 و HIV-2 وان HIV-1 هو عادة اكثر ارتباط,مع الإيدز في الولايات المتحدة وجميع أنحاء العالم، HIV-2 هو أكثر ندارة ، وعادة ما يقتصر على المناطق,في غرب أفريقيا وجنوب آسيا. HIV-2 لدرجة انه غير شائع حيث أن اختصار "HIV" تقريباً دائما,يشير إلى HIV-1. حسناً, يستهدف فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية خلايا CD4 + ، والذي تعني الخلايا التي لديها هذه الجزيئة المحددة,التي تسمى CD4 على غشاء الخلية. الخلايا البلعمية، التائية المساعدة، والمتغصنة كلها,تشارك في الاستجابة المناعية وجميعها تمتلك جزيئات CD4,وبالتالي فإنها يمكن أن تكون مستهدفة,بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية. جزيء CD4 يساعد هذه الخلايا على الارتباط والتواصل مع خلايا المناعية الأخرى,وهو أمر مهم خاصة عندما يشنون الخلايا هجمات ضد الأجسام الغريبة المسببة للأمراض,ولذلك فإن هذا الجزيء الصغير مهم لنظام المناعة لدينا، ولكنها,أيضا في غاية الأهمية لفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية. فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية يستهدف ويتعلق بالجزيء CD4 عن طريق بروتين,يدعى gp120 يقع في غلافه. فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية يستخدم مرة أخرى gp120 ليتعلق بمستقبلات أخرى،,يدعى مستقبل مساعد. يحتاج الفيروس إلى الارتباط كل من جزيء CD4 ومستقبل مساعد ليدخل,داخل الخلية. المستقبلات الأكثر شيوعا التي يستخدمها فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية هو المستقبل المساعد CXCR4، الذي,يوجد بشكل أساسي في الخلايا التائية المناعية، أو المسقبل المساعد CCR5 والتي توجد في الخلايا التائية، البلعمية، الوحيدة،,والخلايا المتغصنة.,هذه المستقبلات المساعدة في غاية الأهمية, أن بعض الأشخاص الذين يعانون من طفرات وراثية متجانسة,في CCR5 يكون لديهم مقاومة أو مناعة ضد فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية (HIV)، لذلك HIV لا تستطيع الارتباط,والدخول في الخلية. في الواقع، حتى الطفرات غير المتجانسة التي تؤدي إلى عدد أقل من مستقبلات المساعدة,على الخلايا، يمكن أن تجعل الفيروس ان ينتشر بصعوبة مما ينتج تقدم بطيئ للمرض،,للذين لا يملكون هذه الطفرة عندما يرتبط فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية إلى CD4 وإما CCR5 أو CXCR4،,يعطيها الصلاحية للوصول إلى الخلية. فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية يكون احادي السلسلة، موجب،فيروس الارتجاعي مغطى RNA،,وهذا يعني أنه يقحم سلسلته الوحيدة من الحمض النووي الريبي (RNA) في الخلايا التائية المساعدة. و"الرجعية",جزء من كلمة الفيروس الارتجاعي لا يشير إلى نمطه، ولكن يشير إلى أنها تحتاج إلى استخدام,انزيم يسمى الناسخ العكسي لبناء قطعة مُكملة من حمض النووي طليعة الفيروس,طليعة الفيروس يعني ان يكون جاهزا للتكامل في الحمض النووي للمضيف، لذلك,فإنه يدخل نواة الخلية التائية المساعدة و يضع نفسه في الحمض النووي للخلية،ليكون جاهز,الى النسخ إلى فيروسات جديدة، متستر جدا،هاه؟ حسنا هنا الجزء المتستر فعلا,عندما يتم تفعيل الخلايا المناعية ، فإنها تبدأ بنسخ وترجمة البروتينات اللازمة,للاستجابة المناعية. بشكل مثير للسخرية أن هذا يعني أنه كلما تتعرض الخلايا المناعية,إلى شيء يؤدي إلى بدء الاستجابة المناعية، مثل أي عدوى,الخلية المناعية تقوم دون قصد بنسخ و ترجمة فيروسات نقص المناعة البشرية جديدة، التي تتكاثر الى خارج,غشاء الخلية لتصيب خلايا أكثر. متستر جدا بالفعل!,شيء واحد لمعرفته هو أن فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية مشهور في صنع الأخطاء عندما يتكاثر,وانه خلال العدوى يمكن أن يصنع طفرة لإنشاء سلالات مختلفة قليلا من الفيروسات.,هذه الفيروسات لا تزال تعتبر "HIV" ولكنها تتصرف بشكل مختلف قليلا عن بعضها,البعض، وتستهدف خلايا مختلفة في المضيف، في الحقيقة أن تفضيل الخلية المضيفة يسمى,الأجسام الفيروسية. لذلك دعونا نبدأ مع دخول فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية الجسم عن طريق الاتصال الجنسي الذي,هي الطريقة التي ينتشر عادة من شخص إلى شخص اخر. في هذه المرحلة المبكرة، أثناء ما ندعو,بالعدوى الحادة، وسلالة R5 من فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية، الذي يرتبط بالمستقبل المساعد CCR5 سوف يدخل,في خلايا البلعمية، والخلايا المتغصنة، والخلايا التائية. الخلايا المتغصنة عادة تقع في,الأنسجة الظهارية أو المخاطية في المكان الذي دخل فيه الفيروس الى الجسم، حيث تلتقط الفيروس وتهاجر,إلى الغدد الليمفاوية، التي فيها تعيش الكثير من الخلايا المناعية، وسلالة R5 من فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية أساسا,لديها مجال في اليوم، حيث تصيب خلايا التائية المساعدة، خلايا البلعمية، والمزيد من الخلايا المتغصنة,التي يؤدي إلى ارتفاع كبير في تكاثر فيروس HIV و كمية الفيروسات الموجودة في دم المريض,يعاني المرضى اعراض تشبه الانفلونزا أو كثرة الخلايا الوحيدة في الدم أثناء العدوى الحادة.,وردا على ذلك، الجهاز المناعي يعمل هجمة مرتدة، ويبدأ في السيطرة,على كمية تكاثر الفيروسات، ومقدار الفيروسات في الدم ينخفض إلى الاقل ولكن,لا يزال في المستويات التي يمكن اكتشافها خلال 12 أسبوع ، وبعده تشير الى دخول المريض في طور المزمن أو المستتر سريرياً,التي يمكن أن تستمر ما بين 2 الى 10 سنوات اذا رسمنا ايضاً كمية الخلايا التائية على طول,كمية الفيروس، سنرى أنهما واحد عكس الأخر، مما يجعله امر منطقي أليس كذلك؟,في البداية كان لديك انخفاض كبير في المرحلة الحادة الى أن النظام المناعي,يعمل هجومه المضاد. بعد ذلك، على الرغم من أنه قد لا يكون هناك أي علامات او اعراض سريرية للفيروس,يهدم الفيروس الجهاز المناعي بشكل منتظم ،,وعدد الفيروسات في الدم تزداد ببطيء , وفي الوقت نفسه تقل الخلايا التايئة ببطيء,وفقدان حوالي 1-2 مليار خلية تائية كل يوم. خلال هذه المرحلة المزمنة،,لا تزال عدد الخلايا التائية عادة فوق 500 خلية/ ملم3 ، وهو حوالي حجم رأس الدبوس،,والمرضى لا يزال لديهم القدرة في محاربة الالتهابات الأخرى بشكل جيد الى حد ما، على الرغم من ان بعض الالتهابات مثل,السل تصبح أكثر شيوعا وشدة,نتذكر كيف تكاثر فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية يمكن أن يخلق الطفرات؟ حسنا خلال المرحلة المزمنة من الإصابة بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية،,تجدر الإشارة إلى أن بعض المرضى تطور سلالة X4 من فيروس HIV الذي يستهدف,المستقبل المساعد CXCR4، التي هي فقط الخلايا التائية. هذه السلالات X4 تذهب الى,الأنسجة اللمفاوية، وتدمر بشكل منتظم خلايا التائية CD4 ، لأن حوالي 90٪ من,خلايا التائية في الأنسجة اللمفاوية. ليس جميع المرضى تطور سلالة X4,لذلك من غير الواضح تماما ما يمكن ان يؤثر وجود هذه السلالة ضمن مسار المرض.,عندما تنخفض خلايا التائية بما فيه الكفاية، بين حوالي 200 و 500 خلية / ملم3،,يبدأ المرضى يعانون من أعراض مثل تورم العقد الليمفاوية,، وكذلك,الإصابات الطفيفة نسبياً مثل الطلاوة المشعرة عن طريق الفم، رقعة بيضاء تبدو مشعرة على جانب,اللسان الناجمة بسبب فيروس ابشتاين بار الذي يسبب كثرة خلايا الوحيدة، وكذلك,داء المبيضات الفموي، عدوى الخميرة في الفم. ما ان تفقد المزيد من الخلايا التائية، والمستوى,يكون أقل من 200 خلية / ملم3، الجهاز المناعي يصبح في خطر شديد وفي هذه المرحلة,الحالة تطورت من مرض HIV الى الإيدز. عند هذه النقطة الناس تجرب اشياء,مثل الحمى المستمرة، والتعب، وفقدان الوزن، والإسهال. وعدد فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية في الدم,قد تزيد إلى حد كبير,في هذه المرحلة، تبدأ بعض الضروف في التطور التي يقال عنها "مُعرفة الإيدز",مثل الالتهاب الرئوي البكتيري الدوري، الالتهاب الرئوي المتكيس، والتهابات الفطرية مثل مبيضات,المريء.وشروط الأخرى تشمل بعض الأورام والأورام الخبيثة مثل كابوسي ساركوما,الذي يسبب تقرحات على الجلد و الأنسجة الرخوة الأخرى، وسرطان الغدد الليمفاوية الرئيسي للدماغ,كثير من الناس المصابين بالإيدز يموتون بسبب العدوى التي يكون النظام المناعي الصحي,قادر على صدها ،مثل التكيس الرئوي , الفيروس المضخم للخلايا، أو معقد المتفطرة الطيرية,الانتقال من ذكر الى آخر هي الطريقة الأكثر شيوعا في الولايات المتحدة، والانتقال من الذكور إلى الإناث,هو الوضع الأكثر شيوعا في اعدادات الموارد محدودة والانتقال الاقل شيوعا من الإناث إلى الذكور,وذلك بسبب وجود HIV في السوائل المهبلية وعنق الرحم للنساء المصابات,في الواقع، أكثر من 75٪ من جميع حالات فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية يتم انتقالها من الجماع.,السبب الثاني الاكثر شيوعا يشمل أشياء مثل تعاطي المخدرات عن طريق الحقن وانتقال عن طريق الأم إلى الطفل,والتي يمكن أن يكون عبر المشيمة أثناء الولادة، أو عن طريق حليب الثدي.,اسباب اخرى أقل شيوعا تشمل الانتقال عن طريق عصيان الأبرة بالخطأ، واستخدام منتجات الدم,مثل عمليات نقل الدم.,عندما يتقدم التشخيص، هناك أنواع قليلة من اختبارات فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية يمكننا القيام به,اختبار الاجسام المضادة , اختبار الأجسام المضادة /المستضدات ، واختبار RNA / DNA . تستخدم اختبارات الأجسام المضادة للبحث عن الأجسام المضادة التي,ينتجها الجسم ضد فيروس HIV . اختبارات المستضدات تبحث على الفيروس مباشرةً، لذلك اختبار الأجسام المضادة / المستضدات,تكشف عن الأجسام المضادة للفيروس فضلا عن الفيروس نفسه. اختبارات RNA يجري فحص,ل RNA الفيروسي، لذلك هي أيضا تكشف عن الفيروس مباشرة، واختبارات الحمض النووي (DNA) للبحث عن نسخ م

What is ADHD?

[Music],I took medication when I was a kid,everyone said I would outgrow it so I,stopped taking the medication in college,everything is so hard now I hate math,it's so boring,I know I'm bad at it even though my,teacher says I'm not I'm a failure I,can't remember to do homework and lose,things I kick it,I hate feeling like I'm different but I,really am work seems like it's easy for,everyone else these are the voices of,people with attention deficit,hyperactivity disorder or ADHD millions,of American children teenagers and,adults experience this disorder which,makes it hard to concentrate pay,attention,organize and focus their lives are,complicated because of it I know one of,these voices is mine I was diagnosed,with ADHD when I was nine most kids with,ADHD start to struggle with symptoms,even earlier than that I first notiked,my symptoms in school when we began,doing projects that took planning and I,got frustrated a lot later in middle,school I was on the basketball team but,I was always late to practike eventually,my teacher called my parents to tok,about my grades since I understood the,material but didn't turn things in on,time at that point my parents my coach,and my teacher all compared how things,were going and that's when my parents,took me to see my pediatrician ADHD can,show up in three different types,inattentive hyperactive-impulsive and,combined my symptoms were more of the,inattentive type I was having a lot of,trouble losing things or forgetting,things not finishing homework and,organizing my work for projects and,future assignments my parents told me at,first that they wondered if I had a,hearing problem because sometimes I,would look like I didn't hear them when,they toked to me,other children also struggle to keep,their attention in class can look super,distracted at home and school and have,trouble with details for things they're,not interested in,kids with more hyperactive or impulsive,symptoms have trouble waiting for their,turn they might get up from their seats,in class run around when it's not a good,time to do that tok all the time,interrupt people or blurt out answers a,lot of times kids with ADHD can get into,trouble since the symptoms can look like,they don't care or aren't respectful of,others but they do care,they just can't control it because of,their problem with attention while some,people might have inattentive type and,others have hyperactive-impulsive type,ADHD still others might have symptoms of,both which is called combined type if,people show six symptoms from either of,the first two types or a combination of,them adding two six they fit the,diagnosis while ADHD is most commonly,diagnosed in kids almost all of them,continue to experience it as teenagers,and a majority still have symptoms as,adults only some people grow out of it,the most important thing to know is that,treatment for ADHD works for little kids,this is behavior therapy that also,includes their parents so the whole,family can be part of the solution for,school-aged kids and older the best,choice is medication or a combination of,medication and therapy I had behavior,therapy where I learned some skills like,specific time management and,organization tikniques that helped me,in school and in my sport,I also took a stimulant medication that,helped me focus my attention sometimes,people find great help in non stimulant,medications especially younger kids for,most people ADHD medications really help,focus and block out distractions ADHD is,a serious challenge for kids teenagers,and adults who struggle to pay attention,and focus in many parts of their lives,but there is hope treatment works school,wasn't easy for me but with my therapy,and medication I learned what I needed,to do to make it work,people go on to do well in school and,succeed in their lives and careers in,spite of and because of their ADHD I,know I did,[Music]

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ADHD: Signs, Symptoms, Solutions

Синдром на дефицит на вниманието и хиперактивност или за кратко СДВХ,се счита за психическо разстройство. Децата с СДВХ имат проблеми с разсейване,,хиперактивни са и имат трудности да контролират поведението си.,Изчислено е, че в световен мащаб засяга около 5% от всички деца на възраст от 3 до 17 години,като момчетата са 4 пъти по-склонни да бъдат диагностицирани, отколкото момичетата.,За да разберем как се отразява на децата в училище, нека да разгледаме историята на Лео,,12-годишно момче, което ходи на училище с най-добрите намерения, но се мъчи,за да успява.,Най-големият му проблем е неговата липса на внимание. Лео се разсейва толкова лесно.,Случва се, дори когато опитва да се фокусира най-силно. Внезапно осъзнава, че се е разсеял,и е прекарал последните 15 минути в мисъл за нещо съвсем различно.,Дори най-мъничкото нещо може да привлече вниманието му.,Чувства се все едно мозъкът му не работи. Той също забравя толкова много.,Книгите и домашните работи често биват забравяни вкъщи или пък ако не ги забрави,,често ги губи някъде или забравя да ги предаде. Оценките му са ужасни и някои учители,започват да смятат, че той е загубен случай.,Тук е и неговата хиперактивност: когато имат групова работа той е неспокоен,и има проблеми да се фокусира. Да остане спокоен и да слуша докато другите говорят,може да го изтощи напълно, което прави всеки нормален разговор сериозно предизвикателство.,Той има чувството, че в мозъка му не е останал капацитет,да се справи с цялата информация, която трябва да бъде обработена,,и той се ядосва, че не може да я следва.,За да се справи с хиперактивността си, той обича да държи ръцете си постоянно заети.,Последно, там е неговото импулсивно поведение. Често не може да се сдържа да казва неща,,които му идват на ум. Понякога се опитва усилено да контролира себе си,,но след това просто се разсейва и прекъсва другите. Съучениците му намират това за досадно.,По-късно съжалява за поведение си, но знае, че за съжаление, ще го прави отново и отново.,Струва му се, че не може да се поучи от грешките си.,Учителите се смущават, опитвайки се да го накарат да се държи както трябва.,Други стават нетърпеливи, предават се или се дистанцират. Нещата стават по-добри,след диагнозата му за СДВХ , когато учителите му започнат да го подкрепят:,Той е седнал до подкрепящ ученик в предната част на класа.,Той получава тетрадка, в която са изброени всичките му задачи, за да му помогне да си спомни.,За да улесни проследяването на домашните работи, той получава домашно за всички предмети само веднъж седмично.,Позволява му да използва малки предмети по време на часовете и да прави кратки почивки, когато е необходимо.,Практикува говорене и слушане на рутинни процедури със специалист.,С баща му карат колело до училище всяка сутрин,,а следобед му е позволено да играе колкото иска с топка.,При тежки случаи на СДВХ на децата често се предписват лекарства с рецепта.,Преди това да се случи, деца като Лео трябва да преминат през професионална диагноза,,подходяща за възрастта при детски психолог, който ще погледне под повърхността.,СДВХ може да е само върхът на айсберга.,Основната причина може да бъде драма у дома, тормоз в училище, лош сън или неправилна диета.,Сър Кен Робинсън разказа историята на Джилиън Лин, 8-годишно момиче, за което се говори, че има трудности при обучението.,Тя не може да се концентрира и никога не може да седи неподвижно.,Когато майка й я завежда при специалист, той не й дава хапчета, а вместо това пуска музика.,Джилиън започна да танцува. След това той казва на майка й:,„Джилиан не е болна; тя е танцьорка. Заведете я в школа по танци.“ По-късно Джилиън Лин станала,известна танцьорка, а след това отговорна за някои от най-успешните мюзикъли в историята на Бродуей,Какво мислите?,Ако сте хиперактивни или ако сте били диагностицирани с СДВХ, кажете ни как се справяте,Така ще можем да научим повече от вашите коментари.,За да подкрепите нашия канал в създаването на повече такива видеоклипове,,посетете patroen.com/sprouts.

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HIV Symptoms in Men Early Signs

Today Our Video tpic about: Hiv Symptoms in Men,Don't Forget to Hit The Like Button and Don't Forget to Subscribe so You won't miss the,next great video from us!,HIV Symptoms in Men can vary between individuals however the first signs of infection generally,appear within the first 1-2 months.,Many, but not all, people will experience severe flu-like symptoms which is your body’s,natural response to the virus.,This is called the ‘seroconversion’ period.,It’s during this time that it’s crucial to identify if HIV is the cause, as your viral,load is very high which greatly increases the risk of passing it on.,And the only way to know for sure is by getting tested.,Symptom 1: Fever The fever, usually one of the first symptoms,of HIV, is often accompanied by other mild symptoms, such as fatigue, swollen lymph glands,,and a sore throat.,At this point the virus is moving into the blood stream and starting to replicate in,large numbers.,As that happens, your immune system induces an inflammatory reaction.,Symptom 2: Fatigue and headache,The inflammatory response generated by your besieged immune system can cause you to feel,tired and lethargic.,Sometimes it can make you feel winded while walking or generally feel out of breath.,Fatigue can be both an early and later symptom of HIV.,Symptom 3: Swollen lymph nodes, achy muscles and joint pain,Lymph nodes are part of your body’s immune system and protect your blood by getting rid,of bacteria and viruses.,They tend to get inflamed when there’s an infection.,Many of them are located in your armpit, groin and neck which can result in aches and pains,in these areas.,Symptom 4: Skin rash Skin rashes can occur early or late in the,course of HIV seroconversion.,In some cases the rash can appear similar to boils with itchy, pink breakouts.,Symptom 5: Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea Many people experience digestive system problems,as a symptom of the early stages of HIV.,However, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea can also appear in later stages of infection,,usually as the result of an opportunistik infection.,It is important to stay hydrated.,Diarrhoea that is unremitting and not responding to usual therapy might be an indication of,HIV.,Symptom 6: Sore throat and dry cough,A severe, dry cough that can last for weeks to months without seeming to resolve (even,with antibiotiks and inhalers) is a typical symptom in very ill HIV patients.,Symptom 7: Night sweats Many people will get night sweats during the,early stages of HIV.,These can be even more common later in infection and aren’t related to exercise or the temperature,of the room.,With such a vast array of symptoms, HIV testing is vital to ensure a proper diagnosis.,If you think you’ve been exposed to HIV, or have an active sex life with casual sex,partners, regardless of whether you are showing symptoms of HIV or not, it’s important to,get tested as soon as possible.,How can HIV impact my health?,HIV weakens the body's immune system.,Without a strong immune system, the body is more vulnerable to "opportunistik" infections,and types of cancers.,Antiretroviral drugs have done an excellent job of protecting against these infections,,but without treatment, people living with HIV may be vulnerable to a wide variety of,infections, parasites, and cancers including: Bacterial pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Herpes,,Hepatitis, Liver disease, Meningitis, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Other infections, cancers, and complications,How can I reduce my risk of getting HIV?,Use lubricated latex condoms each and every time you have sex.,Lambskin condoms don't block HIV and STDs.,If you're allergic to latex, use polyurethane condoms.,When used the right way (every time), condoms are highly effective in preventing the spread,of HIV and also protecting against many other STDs.,It is also important to know your own HIV status, as well as your partner's.,Getting an HIV and STD test is the first step toward protecting your own health and your,partner's.

ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT (ASD), Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.

today's topic is atrial septal defect,or asd an atrial septal defect,is a type of congenital heart defect,characterized by an abnormal opening,in the wall or septum between the two,upper chambers of the heart,or atria the heart has four hollow,chambers,two receiving chambers known as the,right and left atria,and two pumping chambers known as the,right and left ventricles,the atrial septum is a wall separating,the left and right atria,an opening in this septum results in a,condition called an atrial septal defect,an atrial septal defect allows,oxygenated blood,that should flow into the left ventricle,from the left atrium,to flow to the right atrium through the,opening,when in the right atrium the blood mixes,with the oxygenated blood,and is pumped to the lungs increasing,the total amount,of blood that flows to the lungs if the,opening is large,this extra volume of blood can overfill,the lungs,and cause damage to blood vessels in the,lungs,over time this may cause problems such,as high blood pressure in the lungs,increased risk of stroke heart rhythm,abnormalities,and heart failure there are four types,of the atrial septal defect,they include secundum is the most common,and occurs in the center part of the,atrial septum,it occurs in about 75 percent of all,cases,primum occurs in the lower part of the,atrial septum,and may occur with other congenital,heart problems,it occurs in about twenty percent of all,cases,sinus venosus is a rare type and occurs,in the upper part of the atrial septum,it occurs in about four percent of all,cases,coronary sinus it occurs in less than,one percent of all cases,causes it is believed that congenital,heart defect arises from errors early in,the heart's development,but there is often no clear cause,genetiks and environmental factors may,play a role,some conditions that the mother has or,that may become present during pregnancy,may increase the risk of a baby having a,heart defect,these include rubella infection,exposure to certain substances such as,certain medications,tobacco alcohol or drugs such as cocaine,obesity diabetes or lupus,phenylketonuria symptoms,shortness of breath especially during,exercise,fatigue heart palpitations,heart murmur swelling of legs,feet or abdomen diagnosis and treatment,if the doctor suspects atrial septal,defect one or more of the following,tests may be requested,echocardiogram chest x-ray,electrocardiogram mri scan,ct scan cardiac catheterization,treatment during childhood many atrial,septal defects close on their own,for those that don't close a small,atrial septal defect doesn't cause a,problem,and may not require treatment if,treatment is needed,this may include monitoring for a period,of time,to see if the opening closes on its own,the doctor will determine if the child,needs any treatment,depending on the child's condition and,presence of any other heart defect,medications to reduce symptoms surgery,such as cardiac catheterization or open,heart surgery to close the opening,the surgical option will depend on the,type of atrial septal defect,thank you for watching our video please,do not forget to like and share the,video,also please subscribe to the channel to,stay updated on our latest videos

Doctor explains skin conditions associated with HIV / AIDS (e.g. Kaposi sarcoma, candida & more)

[Music],hi welcome back to dr donovan medicine,made easy in today's video we're going,to be covering an in-depth coverage of,skin conditions that are associated with,hiv this video is going to include lots,of clinical photographs because i think,this is the best way to learn about this,topic in the video we're going to start,off by covering a definition of hiv this,is going to be a brief outline we'll,then cover why recognition of skin,disease is important in hiv and then,we'll move on in the third section of,the video to cover the main focus which,is outlining some of the common and,important types of skin disease,affecting patients with hiv or aids,this is not going to be an exhaustive,coverage but i've included lots of,helpful links in the description box of,this video which contained further,details so if you're interested in this,and wish to do some further reading,please check those out so first of all,what is hiv well in a nutshell hiv,stands for human immunodeficiency virus,hiv is a retrovirus infection and that,causes an acquired immunodeficiency of,the host via reduction in the number of,cd4 t cells this means that the body,finds it much more difficult to fight,off infections and you'll see later on,in this video why this is important,because this can manifest in skin,disease without appropriate treatment a,person with hiv can eventually progress,to the advanced stage of infection which,is called acquired immunodeficiency,syndrome which is commonly referred to,by its abbreviation aids,so who gets skin disease and hiv and why,is this an important topic to be aware,of so the first thing to mention is that,skin conditions are very common in hiv,and around 90 of patients who are,infected by hiv will develop some sort,of skin condition and there's an,enormous range of skin conditions,associated with hiv and these generally,increase in incidence with advancing hiv,disease and declining immune function,importantly skin conditions can be some,of the first signs of hiv infection so,if you're a doctor or health care,and you suspect hiv based on a skin,condition of your patient it would be,important to consent and test them for,hiv because this could allow it to be,detected earlier and ultimately for,treatment to be commenced earlier which,will hopefully lead to better outcomes,for the patient so let's move on to the,main part of this video now which is,what types of skin disease are,associated with hiv,broadly it's good to take a systematik,approach when thinking about the,different types of skin disease so we,can start off by breaking it down into,infectious causes on the one hand and,non-infectious causes on the other when,we're thinking about infectious causes,we can further subdivide this down into,fungal bacterial viral and parasitik,so let's start off by first of all,looking at some of the fungal issues,that could be associated with hiv,infection so there's a range of fungal,infections that occur at different,degrees of immunocompromised and hiv,these include tinea which is commonly,known as a ringworm and that can affect,any area of the body and you can see a,photo on screen here a patient may also,have onychomycosis which is a fungal,infection of the nails and they can also,have candidal infections commonly known,as thrush infections these can affect,the mouth or if in more severe cases can,go and spread down to the esophagus,so these conditions or fungal infections,may also be associated with other,conditions but in hiv they may typically,be more aggressive they may not respond,to typical treatment and also they can,be atypical in nature so if you have a,patient who's come in for example with,recurrent candida that doesn't seem to,be responding to your typical forms of,treatment maybe in the back of the mind,think about could this patient have hiv,and do they need testing for it so a,patient may also have pitrosporum,folliculitis that causes an acne like,inflammation around the hair follicle,they may also have something called,pitorisis versical and that causes hyper,or hypopigmented lesions over the skin,as you can see here something called,seborrheic dermatitis is also associated,with hiv and it's important to be aware,of this so the next infectious skin,issue associated with hiv are bacterial,infections these can include things such,as staph aureus which leads to,folliculitis impetigo or abscesses they,can also develop mycobacterial,infections or syphilis ulcers increase,hiv transmission there's also viral,associations these include recurrent or,chronic herpes zoster,hyperkeratotik and proliferative viral,warts importantly something called oral,hairy leukoplakia and you can see that,on screen here the person may also have,persistent ulcerated herpes simplex,molluscum contagiosum as you can see on,screen here cytomegalovirus infection,and also the patient can be affected by,things like norwegian scabies or demodex,folliculitis so now we've covered some,of the infectious skin associations,let's move on and look at the,non-infectious subgroup of skin issues,associated with hiv which include,cancerous skin lesions,so first of all the most important one,or common one that you may think of is,something called kaposi sarcoma so prior,to widespread treatment with h-a-a-r-t,the aids defining caposi sarcoma was the,most prevalent malignancy in the hiv,population and that's caused usually by,infection with human herpes virus eight,a kaposi's sarcoma typically presents,with a painless red purple lesion and it,can affect any part of the body and it's,strongly associated with a declining cd4,count there's also a two-fold increase,of developing squamous cell cancer and,basal cell cancers in people with hiv,compared to the general population,cutaneous t and b cell lymphomas are,also more prevalent with hiv infection,and also things like aggressive,melanomas finally people with hiv can,develop something called lipodystrophy,as you can see on screen here so i hope,you found the video useful and,informative if you did please leave a,comment in the comment section beneath,this video and as always if you enjoyed,it please give it a thumbs up and,subscribe to the channel if you haven't,done so already for new videos which i,release every wednesday and every sunday,there's lots more useful links in the,description box of this video so please,do check those out if you've got time,and until next time bye,[Music],you